Can the Second and Fourth Finger (2D: 4D) Ratio Guide Physicians in Choosing Internal Medicine or Surgical Branch? / ¿Puede la proporción del Segundo y Cuarto Dedo (2D: 4D) Guiar a los Médicos en la Elección de Medicina Interna o Rama Quirúrgica?

SUMMARY: This study investigates the relationship between the second and fourth finger ratio (2D:4D), physicians' propensity to choose an internal or surgical branch, and sex differences. On a voluntary basis, 177 physicians working in Elazig, 122 men and 55 women were enrolled in the study. Their hands were measured for 2D and 4D lengths, and the 2D:4D ratio was computed. In female doctors, the left hand's 2D:4D ratio is 1.01, compared to the right hand's 1.00. Male doctors' right 2D:4D ratio is 0.99, while their left 2D:4D ratio is 1.00. Male physicians' 2D:4D ratios were different from those of men in the general population, whereas female physicians' 2D:4D ratios were comparable to those of women in the general population. As a result, this study was the first to examine the relationship between the ratio of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D), physicians' tendency to choose an internal medicine or surgical branch, and sex differences. While the 2D:4D ratio was higher than 0.98 in all physicians, it was low in women who disliked their profession and branch. Since there aren't many studies on this subject, data from in-depth studies that will be conducted in the future will help physicians who choose internal medicine and surgery make more informed decisions.

Este estudio investiga la relación entre la proporción de los dedos segundo y cuarto (2D:4D), la propensión de los médicos a elegir una rama interna o quirúrgica y las diferencias de género. De forma voluntaria, se inscribieron en el estudio 177 médicos que trabajaban en Elazig, 122 hombres y 55 mujeres. Sus manos se midieron en longitudes 2D y 4D, y se calculó la relación 2D:4D. En las médicos mujeres, la relación 2D:4D de la mano izquierda es 1,01, en comparación con 1,00 de la mano derecha. La relación 2D:4D derecha de los médicos hombres fue 0,99, mientras que la relación 2D:4D izquierda fye 1,00. Las proporciones 2D:4D de los médicos hombres fueron diferentes de las de los hombres en la población general, mientras que las proporciones 2D:4D de las mujeres médicas fueron comparables a las de las mujeres en la población general. Como resultado, este estudio fue el primero en examinar la relación entre la proporción del segundo y cuarto dedo (2D:4D), la tendencia de los médicos a elegir una rama de medicina interna o quirúrgica y las diferencias de sexo. Mientras que la relación 2D:4D fue superior a 0,98 en todos los médicos, fue baja en las mujeres que no les gustaba su profesión y rama. Dado que no hay muchos estudios sobre este tema, los datos de estudios en profundidad que se realizarán en el futuro ayudarán a los médicos que eligen medicina interna y cirugía a tomar decisiones más informadas.

Second to fourth digit ratio in women with breast cancer / Relación del segundo al cuarto dígito en mujeres con cáncer de mama

SUMMARY: Digit ratio established in utero is positivelly correlated with intrauterine level of estrogen. Since the breast cancer is related to excessive and prolonged exposure to estrogen, digit ratio might be considered as useful marker in breast cancer risk assessment. The aim of the present study was to compare digit ratios in breast cancer patients and healthy controls. The study group consisted of 98 breast cancer patients aged between 29 to 84 years while the control group included 141 healthy women aged between 21 and 67 years. After collecting anamnestic data concerning menopausal status, the length of second and fourth fingers were measured and the digit ratios were calculated for both hands, as well as the difference between right and left digit ratio. Digit ratio was significantly higher on right hand in breast cancer patients compaired to healthy controls (1.003±0.05 vs. 0.990±0.03). Right digit ratio showed better predictive capacity for the breast cancer development then the left (AUC:0.609 vs. 0.541). Negative statistically significant correlation between right digit ratio and the age of breast cancer diagnosis was observed (r=-0.271). Higher values of right digit ratio in women with breast cancer when compared to healthy women suggest their higher prenatal estrogen exposure that confirms the importance of digit ratio determination in breast cancer risk assessment.

La proporción de dígitos establecida en el útero, se correlaciona positivamente con el nivel intrauterino de estrógeno. Dado que el cáncer de mama está relacionado con una exposición excesiva y prolongada a los estrógenos, la proporción de dígitos podría considerarse un marcador útil en la evaluación del riesgo de cáncer de mama. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar proporciones de dígitos en pacientes con cáncer de mama y controles sanos. El grupo de estudio consistió en 98 pacientes con cáncer de mama con edades comprendidas entre los 29 y los 84 años, mientras que el grupo de control incluyó a 141 mujeres sanas con edades comprendidas entre los 21 y los 67 años. Después de recopilar datos anamnésticos sobre el estado menopáusico, se midió la longitud de los dedos segundo y anular y se calcularon las proporciones de los dedos para ambas manos, así como la diferencia entre la proporción de los dedos derecho e izquierdo. La proporción de dígitos fue significativamente mayor en la mano derecha en pacientes con cáncer de mama en comparación con controles sanos (1,003 ± 0,05 frente a 0,990 ± 0,03). La proporción del dígito derecho mostró una mejor capacidad predictiva para el desarrollo de cáncer de mama que el izquierdo (AUC: 0.609 vs. 0.541). Se observó una correlación estadísticamente significativa negativa entre la proporción de dígitos derechos y la edad del diagnóstico de cáncer de mama (r=-0,271). Los valores más altos de la proporción de dígitos derechos en mujeres con cáncer de mama en comparación con mujeres sanas sugieren una mayor exposición prenatal a estrógenos que confirma la importancia de la determinación de la proporción de dígitos en la evaluación del riesgo de cáncer de mama.

Relationships between the 2D: 4D digit ratio, waist circumference, hand preferences, weight, height, waist-to-height ratio and BMI in a Turkish population / Relaciones entre el promedio de dígitos 2D: 4D, circunferencia de cintura, preferencias de mano, peso, altura, relación de cintura a altura e IMC en una población de turquía

The 2D:4D is thought as a biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure. Some studies have reported a significant difference between the sexes. Earlier studies reported variations in different ethnic and geographic groups. 2D:4D is related to several medical conditions including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present study investigated the relationships between hand preference, ratio of the index finger (2nd digit: 2D) and ring finger (4th digit: 4D) lengths (2D:4D), height, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC) and weight, body mass index (BMI) in a Turkish population. The study comprised 118 healthy subjects (68 males and 50 females). 2D and 4D finger lengths and some anthropometric traits (height, weight, WC) were measured. The BMI and WHtR were calculated. Hand preference was determined by using a questionnaire (Edinburgh handedness inventory). Geschwind scores were calculated to evaluate the degree of hand preference. The mean age was 26.74 (female 27.86, male 25.89). The right hand 2D:4D was found significantly lower in males (0.9797) than in females (0.9922) (p< 0.001), but the left hand 2D:4D was insignificant. Significant correlations (negative) were observed between the 2D:4D (both left and right) and WHtR; the 2D:4D ratio (both left and right) and WC in males. However, in females, these correlations were insignificant. The R2D:4D was sexually dimorphic in a Turkish population. There were significant differences between strong right (SR) and weak left (WL) in terms of the R2D:4D. However only 5 subject's hand preference was found WL. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the relationships between hand preference and R2D:4D in Turkish population. Further studies are needed to determine whether a larger sample population alters these possible associations between the ratio of 2D:4D and other investigated traits in a Turkish population.

El 2D:4D está pensado como un biomarcador para la exposición prenatal de andrógenos. Algunos estudios han reportado una diferencia significativa entre sexos. Estudios anteriores informaron variaciones en diferentes grupos étnicos y geográficos. 2D:4D está relacionado con varias afecciones médicas que incluyen enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y síndrome metabólico (MetS). El presente estudio investigó las relaciones entre la preferencia de la mano, la proporción del dedo índice (2º dígito: 2D) y el dedo anular (4º dígito: 4D), longitudes (2D:4D), altura, relación cintura-altura (WHtR), circunferencia de cintura y peso (WC), e índice de masa corporal (IMC), en una población de Turquía. El estudio incluyó 118 sujetos sanos (68 hombres y 50 mujeres). Se midieron longitudes de dedos 2D y 4D y algunos rasgos antropométricos (altura, peso, WC). Se calcularon el IMC y el WHtR. La preferencia de la mano se determinó mediante el uso de una escala (Edinburgh Handedness Inventory). Las puntuaciones de Geschwind se calcularon para evaluar el grado de preferencia de la mano. La edad media fue de 26,74 años (femenino 27,86; masculino 25,89). La mano derecha 2D: 4D se encontró significativamente más baja en los hombres (0,9797) que en las mujeres (0,9922) (p <0,001), pero la mano izquierda 2D: 4D fue no significante. Se observaron correlaciones significativas (negativas) entre la 2D: 4D (izquierda y derecha) y WHtR y la relación 2D: 4D (izquierda y derecha) y WC en hombres. Sin embargo, en las mujeres, estas correlaciones fueron no significantes. El R2D: 4D fue sexualmente dimorfo en una población de Turquía. Hubo diferencias significativas entre la mano derecha fuerte (SR) y la mano izquierda débil (WL) en términos de R2D: 4D. Sin embargo, sólo se encontraron 5 preferencias de mano en el sujeto con WL. Por lo tanto, se necesitan más estudios para determinar las relaciones entre la preferencia de mano y R2D: 4D en la población de Turquía. Se necesitan más estudios para determinar si una muestra mayor altera estas posibles asociaciones entre la proporción de 2D: 4D y otros rasgos investigados en una población de Turquía.

Relationship between the occlusal vertical dimension and anthropometric measurements of the fingers / Relación entre la dimensión vertical oclusal y las medidas antropométricas de los dedos de la mano

The alteration of the vertical dimension can deteriorate the facial harmony, and it can be measured through objective and subjective methods, although many of which are not reliable. Objective: Relate the anthropometric fingers length with the measurement of the vertical occlusal dimension (VOD). Material and Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study that included 114 students from the School of Dentistry with class I malocclusion and complete dentition. The VOD was evaluated as the measurement between the subnasal points and the mental point; anthropometric measures included the length of the fingers (from the most mesial fold to the most distal edge) and the distance projected between the thumb and the index finger. Results: The average VOD was 64.03±5.15mm. A correlation was found between the VOD and the index finger length (p<0.01, r=0.29), between the VOD and middle finger length (p<0.01, r=0.31) and correlation between the VOD and the length of the little finger (p<0.05, r=0.23). No correlation was found between the VOD and the ring finger lengths (p= 0.051) or thumb (p=0.12). Conclusions: The anthropometric measurements of the index finger, middle finger, little finger and the projection of the thumb on the index finger correlated with the length of the vertical occlusal dimension.

La alteración de la dimensión vertical puede deteriorar la armonía facial, su medición puede realizar a través de métodos objetivos y subjetivos; sin embargo muchos de ellos no son confiables. Objetivo: Relacionar las longitudes antropométricas de los dedos de la mano con la medida de la dimensión vertical oclusal (DVO). Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional que incluyó a 114 estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología con maloclusión de clase I y dentición completa. La DVO fue evaluada como la medida entre los puntos subnasal al punto mentoniano; las medidas antropométricas incluyeron a la longitud de los dedos (desde su pliegue más mesial hasta su borde más distal) y la distancia proyectada entre el pulgar al índice. Resultados: La DVO promedio fue de 64,03±5,15mm. Se encontró correlación entre la DVO y la longitud del dedo índice (p<0,01; r=0,29), entre la DVO y la longitud del dedo medio (p<0,01; r=0,31) y correlación entre la DVO y la longitud del dedo meñique (p<0,05; r=0,23). No se encontró correlación entre la DVO y las longitudes de los dedos anular (p=0,051) y pulgar (p=0,12). Conclusiones: Las medidas antropométricas del dedo índice, medio, meñique y la proyección del dedo pulgar sobre el dedo índice se correlacionaron con la longitud de la dimensión vertical oclusal.

Second-to-fourth digit ratio and seborrheic dermatitis in males: a cross-sectional study*

Abstract: Background: Seborrheic dermatitis is a common disease characterized by the erythematous plaques with oily-yellow desquamation. Increased sebaceous gland activity by androgenic hormones has played a role in the etiology of the disease. The second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio is thought to be a marker of prenatal androgen exposure. Objectives: To investigate the association between 2D:4D ratios and seborrheic dermatitis in a male population. Methods: Healthy male controls and patients with seborrheic dermatitis were included in this study. One hundred seborrheic dermatitis patients and 120 healthy controls, aged 17-59, were enrolled. A digital Vernier caliper was used to measure the finger lengths. Seborrheic dermatitis severity was assessed using the Seborrheic Dermatitis Area and Severity Index (SDASI). Results: The 2D:4D ratios of the patients (x = 0.977) were significantly lower than those of the controls (x = 1.050) for right hands (t = 6.948; p = 0.000; > 0.05). No similar relationship was found between the 2D:4D ratio for left hands (t = 0.901; p = 0.368; > 0.05). Seborrheic dermatitis severity was negatively correlated with 2D:4D ratios of right hands (r = -0.391; p = 0.000-0.05). Study limitations: One of the main limitations of this study was the small sample, which got a head of us from acquiring certain findings about the 2D:4D ratio and seborrheic dermatitis. The other limitation is that the patient selection did not reflect the general population, as a single clinic was studied. Conclusion: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study examining the relationship between 2D:4D ratios and seborrheic dermatitis. The result of this study may indicate a line of investigation and can support the theory of prenatal androgen exposure.

The relationship of finger length ratios (2D: 4D) with quantitative, verbal talent and anthropometric parameters / La relación de las proporciones de la longitud del dedo (2D: 4D) con el parámetro cuantitativo, talento verbal y parámetros antropométricos

SUMMARY: The aim of this study were to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D finger length ratios (the ratio of the second finger length to the fourth finger length) of students from verbal and quantitative weighted fields, and to determine the correlation of these ratios with some anthropometric measurements. For this purpose; hand length, hand width, lengths of second and fourth finger and waist, hip and neck circumferences were taken from totally 398 (199 female, 199 male) students aged 17-25 years by using millimetric callipers and non-elastic standard measuring tape. Demographic data were also taken. Moreover, Body Mass Index (BMI) and 2D:4D finger length ratios of the study group were also calculated. When we investigated the 2D:4D ratios for right, left and dominant hands among verbal and quantitative talented individuals in female students, there were statistically significant differences for right and dominant hand (p=0.032; p=0.042, respectively). On the other hand, there was no difference for left hand in female participants (p>0.05). Furthermore, there were positive correlations with 2D:4D and weight (r=0.38, p<0.001), BMI (r=0.34, p=0.01) of the male students in verballyweighted field and with hip and waist circumferences in male students in quantitatively-weighted field (r=0.30; p=0.002; r=0.41, p<0.001). In male students in quantitatively-weighted fields, there was a weak and positive correlation with 2D:4D finger length ratios and neck circumferences on the left hand, and this relationship was statistically significant (r=0.21; p=0.032). And also, there were no statistically significant correlations between anthropometric measurements and 2D:4D ratios among the female students in quantitatively weighted field. Whereas there were positive correlations with 2D:4D finger length ratios and waist circumference in female students in verbally weighted field (r=0.24, p=0.018). We believe that the data obtained in this study will be a guide for career planning goals of persons according to their quantitative and verbal talents.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en investigar la relación entre índices de longitud del dedo (2D:4D) (es decir, la relación de la longitud del segundo dedo a la cuarta longitud del dedo) de los estudiantes de campos ponderados verbales y cuantitativos, para determinar la correlación de estas proporciones con algunas medidas antropométricas. Para este propósito, se consideraron las siguientes mediciones: longitud de la mano, ancho de la mano, circunferencia del segundo y cuarto dedo y circunferencia de cintura, cadera y cuello. Se examinaron 398 estudiantes (199 mujeres, 199 hombres) de 17-25 años de edad, usando pinzas milimétricas y cinta métrica estándar no elástica. También se tomaron datos demográficos. Además, se calcularon las proporciones de índice de masa corporal (IMC) y 2D:4D del grupo de estudio. Cuando investigamos las proporciones 2D:4D para manos derechas, izquierdas y dominantes entre individuos talentosos verbales y cuantitativos en mujeres, hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la mano derecha y dominante (p = 0,032, p = 0,042, respectivamente). Por otro lado, no hubo diferencia para la mano izquierda en las mujeres (p> 0.05). Además, hubo correlaciones positivas con 2D:4D y peso (r = 0,38, p <0,001), IMC (r = 0,34, p = 0,01) de los hombres en el campo verbalmente ponderado y con circunferencias de cadera y cintura en hombres en campo ponderado cuantitativamente (r = 0,30, p = 0,002; r = 0.41, p <0,001). En los hombres, en campos cuantitativamente ponderados, hubo una correlación débil y positiva en 2D, relaciones de longitud de dedo 4D y circunferencias de cuello en la mano izquierda, y esta relación fue estadísticamente significativa (r = 0,21, p = 0,032). También, no hubo correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las medidas antropométricas y las proporciones 2D:4D entre las estudiantes en el campo cuantitativamente ponderado. Mientras que hubo correlaciones positivas con 2D:4D, índices de longitud del dedo y circunferencia de la cintura en las mujeres en el campo ponderado verbalmente (r = 0,24, p = 0,018). Creemos que los datos obtenidos en este estudio serán una guía para los objetivos de planificación de carrera de las personas de acuerdo con sus talentos cuantitativos y verbales.

Dimensión vertical oclusal mediante antropometría de los dedos de la mano: validación del método antropométrico de Ladda / Occlusal vertical dimension by anthropometry of fingers: validation of Ladda´s anthropometric method

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Validar en población chilena, el método antropométrico indio de Ladda que estableció en la población chilena una correlación positiva entre la dimensión vertical oclusal y longitud de ciertos dedos de la mano. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo transversal, 151 adultos jóvenes, 76 hombres y 75 mujeres. Se replicó el trabajo referencial, utilizando un pie de metro digital, realizando mediciones de los dedos índice y meñique y la distancia desde la punta del pulgar a la punta del índice de la mano derecha, correlacionando las mediciones obtenidas con la dimensión vertical oclusal y aplicando el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: La dimensión vertical oclusal presenta correlación estadísticamente significativa con los parámetros estudiados. En hombres, la correlación fue más consistente con la longitud del dedo índice (r=0.908), mientras que, en las mujeres, fue más consistente con la longitud del dedo meñique (r=0.827). Conclusiones: Las variaciones obtenidas caen dentro del intervalo de 3-4mm, estando en consonancia con otros métodos antropométricos publicados, confirmando la predictibilidad de la dimensión vertical oclusal obtenida mediante este método objetivo. El procedimiento es sencillo, económico y no invasivo, por lo que podría ser recomendado para la práctica clínica cotidiana.

ABSTRACT: Objective: The purpose of this study was to validate in the Chilean population, the anthropometric method by Ladda which found a significant correlation between the length of the fingers and the vertical dimension of occlusion. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study, with 151 Chileans: 76 males and 75 females. Anthropometric measurements of vertical dimension of occlusion, length of index finger, length of little finger, and distance from tip of thumb to tip of the index finger of the right hand were recorded clinically using digital Vernier caliper. Correlation was studied using Pearson's coefficient. Results: Vertical dimension of occlusion was significantly correlated with all the parameters analyzed. In males, correlation of vertical dimension of occlusion was stronger with the length of the index finger (r=0.908) whereas in females, it was stronger with the length of the little finger (r=0.827). Conclusions: Since the variations between vertical dimension of occlusion and finger lengths are within the range of 3-4 mm, as with other anthropometric methods published, VDO prediction through this method is reliable, and reproducible. This method is simple, economic, and non-invasive; hence, it could be recommended for everyday clinical practice.

¿Está la morfometría de las manos relacionada con la edad de la menarquia? / Is the morphometry of the hands related to the age of menarche?

Antecedentes: La relación entre la longitud del segundo y cuarto dedo de las manos (ratio D2:D4) se ha relacionado con la exposición intrauterina a los andrógenos. Se define un patrón androgénico cuando la longitud del cuarto dedo es superior a la del segundo y el cociente es menor de 1. Este ratio se pone en relación con aspectos del desarrollo y la función reproductiva de los individuos, tales como la resistencia al ejercicio físico, el autismo, la concentración de espermatozoides o la esterilidad. Objetivo: Establecer asociación entre la ratio D2:D4 con la edad de la menarquia. Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo sobre una población no seleccionada de 188 mujeres. Se recogen las longitudes de los dedos con un calibre digital, desde una imagen en papel obtenida con un escáner. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el test de correlación de Pearson, considerando significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: El análisis de correlación entre los parámetros morfométricos de las manos y la edad de la menarquia, presentó relación estadísticamente significativa y directamente proporcional con la longitud del cuarto dedo en ambos manos. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos indican una relación entre el perfil androgénico de la morfometría de las manos y el retraso de la menarquia. Este hecho constituye un inicio en la búsqueda de relaciones entre las características morfométricas de las manos y condiciones clínicas, que podrían estar influenciadas por la exposición androgénica durante el periodo fetal.

Background: The relationship between the length of the second and fourth fingers of the hands (ratio D2:D4) has been associated with intrauterine exposure to androgens. The androgenic pattern is defined when the length of the fourth finger is higher than the second, and the ratio is lower than 1. This ratio is set in relation to aspects of development and reproductive function of individuals, such as resistance to physical exercise, autism, sperm concentration or sterility. Aims: Find relationship between the ratio D2:D4 with age of menarche. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in an unselected population of 188 women. The finger lengths with a digital caliper is collected from a paper image obtained by a scanner. Statistical analysis was perfomed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, with significant value p<0.05. Results: Correlation analysis between the morphometric parameters of the hands and the age of menarche, showed statistically significant and directly proportional to the length of the fourth finger on both hands relationship. Conclusion: The results indicate a relationship between the androgenic pattern morphometry hands and late menarche. This is a start in the search for relationships between the morphometric characteristics of the hands and clinical conditions that might be influenced by androgen exposure during fetal period.

Are 2D: 4D finger-length ratios an indicator of androgenetic alopecia in males?

Abstract BACKGROUND: Although the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia is not completely understood, the roles of genetic susceptibility and androgens are well-known. A lower ratio of the second digit (index finger = 2D) to the fourth digit (ring finger = 4D) length has been hypothesized to reflect prenatal androgen exposure and/or higher sensitivity to androgens. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between the second to fourth digit length ratio and androgenetic alopecia. METHODS: Finger length measurements were made by a digital vernier calliper. Androgenetic alopecia severity was assessed using the Hamilton-Norwood scale. Subjects with an androgenetic alopecia score of grade III or more were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 189 males with androgenetic alopecia and 171 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The age range of participants was 19-65 years. The 2D:4D ratios in patients with androgenetic alopecia were significantly lower than those of healthy controls for the right hand; however, no significant difference was found for the left hand. Average 2D:4D ratios in androgenetic alopecia patients were also lower than in controls. No significant relationship was observed between androgenetic alopecia severity and 2D:4D ratios. CONCLUSION: Our data support the anatomical evidence of in utero androgen exposure and/or an individual’s sensitivity to androgens in patients with androgenetic alopecia. Furthermore, the right hand 2D:4D ratio might be an indicator of androgenetic alopecia development.

Distances of palmar flexion creases (haustra digiti) and digital formulae in right and left handed people / Distancia de los pliegues de flexión palmar (haustra digiti) y fórmulas digitales en personas diestras y zurdas

Digital flexion creases are one of the external anatomical landmarks in the hand. In this study, we measured and compared the distances between the digital skin creases (haustra digiti) in the fingers of right-handed and left-handed individuals. We also recorded the digital formulae. No significant difference was detected between left and right-handed females and left and right handed males on distance of skin creases (p>0.05). No difference was detected on haustra digiti of the right handed females their own hands. Females who use their left hand had a significantly longer(p=0.48) distal haustra digiti segment on their right second finger than that of their left hand. However, no significant difference was detected between male individuals on their left and right hand all haustra digiti segments. The rate of hand digital formulae of 3>4>2>5>1 was 78.12% in left-handed females, 66.7% in left-handed males, 54.54% in right-handed females, and 78.57% in right-handed males. Our study has contributed to the literature on the morphological asymmetry of left-handed females.

Los pliegues digitales de flexión constituyen unos de los puntos de referencia anatómicos externos en la mano. En este estudio se midieron y compararon las distancias entre los pliegues digitales de la manos (haustra digiti) de individuos diestros y zurdos. También se registraron las fórmulas digitales. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre mujeres zurdas y diestras y tampoco entre varones diestros y zurdos en relación a la distancia de los pliegues digitales (p>0,05). No se detectaron diferencias en el haustra digiti de las mujeres diestras. Las mujeres que utilizaban su mano izquierda tenían una diferencia significativamente mayor (p=0,48) en el segmento distal del segundo dedo, comparado con el de la mano derecha. Sin embargo, no se detectaron diferencias significativas entre los individuos de sexo masculino en sus manos izquierda y derecha, a nivel de todos los segmentos de los haustra digiti. La fórmula digital 3>4>2>5>1 se encontró en 78,12% de las mujeres zurdas, en el 66,7% de hombres zurdos, en el 54,54% de mujeres diestras, y en el 78,57% de hombres diestros. Nuestro estudio ha contribuido a la literatura sobre la asimetría morfológica de los pliegues digitales de las mujeres zurdas.

Penile length, digit length, and anogenital distance according to birth weight in newborn male infants

PURPOSE: Anogential distance (AGD) and the 2:4 digit length ratio appear to provide a reliable guide to fetal androgen exposure. We intended to investigate the current status of penile size and the relationship between penile length and AGD or digit length according to birth weight in Korean newborn infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2013 and February 2014, among a total of 78 newborn male infants, 55 infants were prospectively included in this study. Newborn male infants with a gestational age of 38 to 42 weeks and birth weight>2.5 kg were assigned to the NW group (n=24) and those with a gestational age<38 weeks and birth weight<2.5 kg were assigned to the LW group (n=31). Penile size and other variables were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Stretched penile length of the NW group was 3.3+/-0.2 cm, which did not differ significantly from that reported in 1987. All parameters including height, weight, penile length, testicular size, AGD, and digit length were significantly lower in the LW group than in the NW group. However, there were no significant differences in AGD ratio or 2:4 digit length ratio between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The penile length of newborn infants has not changed over the last quarter century in Korea. With normal penile appearance, the AGD ratio and 2:4 digit length ratio are consistent irrespective of birth weight, whereas AGD, digit length, and penile length are significantly smaller in newborns with low birth weight.

Identification of a GDF5 Mutation in a Korean Patient with Brachydactyly Type C without Foot Involvement

Brachydactyly type C (BDC) is characterized by shortening of the middle phalanges of the index, middle, and little fingers. Hyperphalangy of the index and middle finger and shortening of the first metacarpal can also be observed. BDC is a rare genetic condition associated with the GDF5 gene, and this condition has not been confirmed by genetic analysis so far in the Korean population. Herein, we present a case of a 6-yr-old girl diagnosed with BDC confirmed by molecular genetic analysis. The patient presented with shortening of the second and third digits of both hands. Sequence analysis of the GDF5 gene was performed and the pathogenic mutation, c.1312C>T (p.Arg438Cys), was identified. Interestingly, this mutation was previously described in a patient who presented with the absence of the middle phalanges in the second through fifth toes. However, our patient showed no involvement of the feet. Considering intrafamilial and interfamilial variability, molecular analysis of isolated brachydactyly is warranted to elucidate the genetic origin and establish a diagnosis.

A New Examination Method for Anatomical Variations of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis in the Little Finger

BACKGROUND: Current examination methods to assess the anatomical variations of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendon in the little finger necessitate a strong external force applied by the examiner and cause false negatives. A new examination method was designed to detect the variations more accurately. METHODS: We examined the little fingers of 220 adult hands (110 subjects) by 2 methods: the expanded examination method advocated by Tan et al., and a new examination method. Variations of the FDS in the little finger were examined by both methods and categorized separately as having independent FDS function, FDS connection to the tendons of the ring finger or of the multiple adjacent fingers, and functional substitution of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) with or without tendinous connection to the ring or multiple adjacent fingers. By our new method, we could further divide the FDS connection or FDP substitution with connection to the ring finger into 2 subtypes: loose and close connections. Data were reported as case numbers and percent. Date on symmetry were statistically analyzed by matched case-control studies. RESULTS: Among 220 hands, 113 hands (51.4%) had independent FDS function by the new examination method, which was lower than the incidence (55.5%) detected with the existing expanded examination method. In the hands with connections between FDS tendons of the little and the ring fingers, 32 hands (14.5%) demonstrated loose and 37 (16.8%) close connections. Three hands (1.4%) had loose and 19 (8.6%) had close FDP substitution with tendinous connection to the ring finger. Among 110 hands without independent FDS function, variants of 42 hands (38.2%) were asymmetric. There was no statistical significance in symmetry of variations. CONCLUSIONS: This new examination method offers other assessment variations of FDS tendon in the little finger. We recommend using this test to assess the variations and function of the FDS of the little finger.

Second to fourth digit ratio: its relationship with core cancer volume and Gleason score in prostate biopsy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between 2nd to 4th digit ratio (digit ratio) and prostate cancer detection rate and biopsy findings, including Gleason score. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 770 consecutive men aged 40 years or older that presented with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), right hand 2nd and 4th digit lengths were measured prior to PSA determinations, DRE and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Among these, 166 men with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level ≥ 3 ng/mL or abnormal digit rectal examination (DRE) prospectively underwent prostate biopsies. The relationship between digit ratio and prostate cancer detection rate and biopsy findings was investigated. RESULTS: The study subjects were allocated to two groups by digit ratio (group A: digit ratio < 0.95; n = 420; group B: digit ratio ≥ 0.95; n = 350). Despite similar biopsy rates (22.4% vs. 20.6%, p = 0.544), group A had higher cancer detection rate (46.8% (44/94) vs. 23.6% (17/72), p = 0.002; OR = 2.847, 95% CI = 1.445-5.610). When we analyzed 408 positive biopsy cores (group A: digit ratio < 0.95, n = 282; group B: digit ratio ≥ 0.95, n = 126), group A had higher percentage of core cancer volume (46.7% vs. 37.1%, p = 0.005) and more biopsy cores with high Gleason score (sum of Gleason score ≥ 9: 18/282 (6.4%) vs. 1/126 (0.8%), p = 0.010; primary Gleason score = 5: 12/282 (4.3%) vs. 0/126 (0.0%), p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: A lower digit ratio is related to an increased detection rate of prostate cancer, a high percentage of core cancer volume and a high Gleason score.

Extensor indicis brevis muscle: an unusual muscular variant / Músculo extensor corto del índice: una inusual variación muscular

Knowledge of anatomical variations of the musculoskeletal system is important for interpreting unusual clinical presentations. We observed the presence of an abnormal extensor indicis muscle in the left hand of an adult male cadaver. In this case, the muscle comes from the ligament and over the scaphoideum and trapezoideum bones and continues after the short muscle belly; it is attached to the dorsal aponeurosis of the indicis. This muscular disposition was described in other studies which demonstrated approximately 1.0 percent of incidence. Clinically, this anatomical variation may be associated with pain and swelling at the back of the hand. In these cases symptoms tend to increase due to mechanical stress and can be confused with the presence of a dorsal synovial cyst. This report will help clinicians, surgeons, occupational and physical therapists formulate better clinical or surgical decisions when presented with a rare anatomical variation...

El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas del aparato locomotor es importante para la interpretación de las presentaciones clínicas inusuales. En este trabajo se relata la presencia de un músculo extensor indicis anormal en la mano izquierda de un cadáver de un hombre adulto, de sexo masculino. En este caso, el músculo proviene del ligamento y del dorso de los huesos escafoides y trapecio y se continúa después de un corto vientre muscular, fijándose a la aponeurosis dorsal del índice. Esta disposición muscular se ha descrito en otros estudios que demostraron aproximadamente un 1,0 por ciento de incidencia. Clínicamente, esta variación anatómica puede estar asociada con dolor e hinchazón en el dorso de la mano. En estos casos, los síntomas tienden a aumentar debido a la tensión mecánica y puede confundirse con la presencia de un quiste sinovial dorsal. Este informe ayudará a los médicos, cirujanos, terapeutas ocupacionales y físicos a tomar mejores decisiones clínicas o quirúrgicas cuando se le presenta una variación anatómica como la descrita...

Aspectos biométricos de la mano de individuos chilenos / Biometric aspects of the hand in Chilean individuals

La mano es fundamental para ejecutar diversas acciones tanto en el campo laboral como en la entretención y el deporte, pudiendo realizar funciones muy básicas hasta otras muy especializadas. La función de la mano se puede analizar mejor cuando es dividida en partes, aunque es algo meramente didáctico y artificial, permitiendo una mejor comprensión en la actividad de la mano como una unidad. Debido a la importancia de esta parte del cuerpo y a la escasa información de parámetros biométricos que existe en nuestra población, se ha tornado necesario un estudio acabado sobre las dimensiones de la mano como un todo, así como también de sus componentes, los dedos. De acuerdo a ello, se analizaron 1.196 manos pertenecientes a habitantes de ambos sexos (267 hombres y 331 mujeres) de edad entre 18 y 65 años, nacidos y residentes en la VII región de Chile -Maule. Cada paciente fue sometido a un examen antropométrico general y uno específico de la mano. Las variables consideradas fueron las siguientes: longitud de la mano, ancho de la mano, longitud de los dedos, longitud del sector de las falanges. Las variables se estudiaron de acuerdo a sexo, edad y lados. Parte de los resultados fueron los siguientes: en el sexo masculino, la longitud promedio de la mano derecha fue de 184,9 mm y de la izquierda de 185,6; en el sexo femenino fue de 167,6 mm en el lado derecho y de 168,9 en el izquierdo. Con respecto a la longitud de los dedos en el sexo masculino, considerando la sumatoria de los promedios obtenidos para cada sector de la falanges correspondientes, los promedios fueron: pulgar, 72,5 mm en la mano derecha y 72,4 mm en la izquierda; indicador, 104,2 y 104,5 mm; medio, 115 y 114,6 mm; anular, 109,1 y 108,9 mm y el mínimo, 88,5 y 88,4 mm, respectivamente. En el sexo femenino, la longitudes promedios fueron: pulgar de la mano derecha, 63,5 mm y 62,6 mm en la izquierda; indicador, 91 y 90,7 mm; medio, 100,4 y 99,2 mm; anular, 94,4 y 94,2 mm y el mínimo, 75,8 y 75,9 mm,...

The hand is essential to perform various actions both in the workplace and in entertainment and sports, may perform other functions from very basic to highly specialized. The hand function can be analyzed best when it is divided into parts, although it is somewhat artificial and merely didactic, allowing a better understanding of the labor activity as a unit. Because of the importance of this part of the body and biometric parameters limited information that exists in our population, it has become necessary to a thorough study on the dimensions of the hand as a whole, as well as its components, the fingers. Accordingly, we analyzed 1,196 hands belonging to people of both sexes (267 men and 331 women) aged between 18 and 65, born and living in VII Maule Region of Chile. Each patient underwent an anthropometric examination of general and specific one hand. The variables considered were: hand length, hand width, finger length, length of the phalanges sector. The variables were studied according to sex, age and sides. Part of the results were as follows: in males, the average length of the right hand was 184.9 mm and the left of 185.6; in females was 167.6 mm on the right side and of 168.9 on the left. With respect to the length of the fingers in males, whereas the sum of the averages for each sector of the corresponding phalanges, the averages were: thumb, 72.5 mm in the right hand and 72.4 mm in the left; index finger, 104.2 and 104.5 mm; middle finger, 115 and 114.6 mm; ring finger, 109.1 and 108.9 mm; little finger, 88.5 and 88.4 mm respectively. Among females, the average lengths were: right thumb, 63.5 mm and 62.6 mm in the left; index, 91 and 90.7 mm; middle finger, 100.4 and 99.2 mm; ring finger, 94.4 and 94.2 mm and the little finger, 75.8 and 75.9 mm, respectively. Data reported in this study are important because they allow a real knowledge of biometric variables in Chilean hands.

Digital dermatoglyphis in ABO, Rh blood groups.

Dermatoglyphics, the study of fingerprints are constant and individualistic. The ridge pattern depends upon cornified layer of epidermis as well as dermal papillae. This study was conducted to correlate between digital dermatoglyphics patterns in ABO, Rh blood groups and evaluates their significance. A total of 200 first year MBBS students with known blood groups from 2004 and 2005 batch of IGGMC, Nagpur were included in the study. Fingerprints were obtained by printing method. Parameters studied were arches, whorls, loops. It was concluded that, whorls were highest in B blood group and the difference was significant with O blood group. Loops were highest in O blood group and were significant with A, B, AB blood groups. Arches were highest in AB blood group and were statistically significant with B and O blood groups. Arches were higher in Rh negative blood group differing statistically with Rh positive blood group.

Finger print pattern in different blood groups.

Dermatoglyphics is study of pattern of fine ridges on fingers, palms and soles. The term dermatoglyphics was coined by Cummins. The type of finger print is unique and is based on genetic characters of each individual. They develop between 2nd and 3rd months of intra uterine life and remain unchanged in an individual through out life. Finger prints are regarded as the most reliable tool for personal identification. Due to their immence potential particularly in forensic medicine, the study of finger print pattern was carried out in relation to various ABO blood groups. The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, NRI medical college, Chinakakani, Guntur. 506 students of known blood group were selected for the study. The finger prints were collected, studied and analyzed statistically. Thumbs presented high frequency of whorls in A+ves. Index and ring fingers were associated with high frequency of whorls in A-ves and AB+ves.

A study of fingerprints in relation to gender and blood group.

Fingerprint evidence is undoubtedly the most reliable and acceptable evidence till date in the court of law. Due to the immense potential of fingerprints as an effective method of identification an attempt has been made in the present work to analyze their correlation with gender and blood group of an individual. This prospective study was carried out over a period of 2 months among 200 medical students (100 male & 100 female) belonging to the age group 18- 25 of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India. Results show that each finger print is unique; loops are the most commonly occurring fingerprint pattern while arches are the least common. Males have a higher incidence of whorls and females have a higher incidence of loops. Loops are predominant in blood group A, B, AB and O in both Rh positive and Rh negative individuals except in O negative where whorls are more common. We can conclude that there is an association between distribution of fingerprint patterns, blood group and gender and thus prediction of gender and blood group of a person is possible based on his fingerprint pattern.